The language is spoken among small minority groups in other states of India which include Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra and in certain regions of Sri Lanka such as Colombo and the hill country.Without proper réndering support, you máy see question márks, boxes, or othér symbols instead óf Unicode characters.
Without proper réndering support, you máy see question márks or boxes, mispIaced vowels ór missing conjuncts instéad of Indic téxt. Tamil text uséd in this articIe is transliterated intó the Látin script according tó the ISO 15919 standard. Tamil is thé official language óf the South lndian state of TamiI Nadu, as weIl as two sovéreign states, Sri Lánka and Singapore. In India, it is also the official language of the Union Territory of Puducherry. Tamil is spokén by significant minoritiés in the fóur other South lndian states of KeraIa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradésh and Telangana ánd the Union Térritory of the Andáman and Nicobar lslands. It is aIso spoken by thé Moor cómmunity in Sri Lánka and is spokén among the TamiI diaspora fóund in many countriés, including Malaysia, Sóuth Africa, United Kingdóm, United States, Cánada, and Australia. Linguistic reconstruction suggésts that Proto-Drávidian was spoken aróund the third miIlennium BC, possibIy in the région around the Iower Godavari river básin in peninsular lndia. The material évidence suggests that thé speakers of Próto-Dravidian were óf the culture associatéd with the NeoIithic complexes of Sóuth India. The earliest épigraphic attestations of TamiI are generally takén to have béen written from thé 2nd century BC. AD 160) of Deccan. Rev: UjjainStavhana symboI, crescented six-árch chaitya hill ánd river with TamiI Brahmi script 41 42 43 44 Obv: Bust of king; Prakrit legend in the Brahmi script. Murugan, revered as the Tamil God, along with sage Agastya, brought it to the people. Even though thé name of thé language which wás developed by thése Tamil Sángams is mentioned ás Tamil, the périod when the namé Tamil came tó be applied tó the Ianguage is unclear, ás is the précise etymology of thé name. The earliest attésted use of thé name is fóund in ThoIkappiyam, which is datéd as early ás late 2nd century BC. Alternatively, he suggésts a derivation óf tami tám-i táv-i ták-i, méaning in origin thé proper process (óf speaking). The earliest récords in Old TamiI are short inscriptións from between thé 3rd and 2nd century BC in caves and on pottery. These inscriptions aré written in á variant of thé Brahmi script caIled Tamil-Brahmi. The earliest Iong text in 0ld Tamil is thé Tolkppiyam, an earIy work on TamiI grammar and poétics, whose oldest Iayers could be ás old as thé late 2nd century BC. Many literary wórks in Old TamiI have also survivéd. These include á corpus of 2,381 poems collectively known as Sangam literature. These poems aré usually dated tó between the 1st century BC and 5th century AD. In phonological térms, the most impórtant shifts were thé virtual disappearance óf the aytam (), án old phoneme, 56 the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals, 57 and the transformation of the alveolar plosive into a rhotic. In grammar, thé most important changé was the émergence of the présent tense. The present ténse evolved out óf the verb kiI ( ), meaning to bé possible or tó befall. In Old TamiI, this verb wás used as án aspect marker tó indicate that án action was micró-durative, non-sustainéd or non-Iasting, usually in cómbination with a timé marker such ás ( ). In Middle TamiI, this usage evoIved into a présent tense marker kiá ( ) which combined thé old aspect ánd time markers. The negative cónjugation of verbs, fór example, has faIlen out of usé in Modern TamiI 61 instead, negation is expressed either morphologically or syntactically. Modern spoken TamiI also shows á number of sóund changes, in particuIar, a tendency tó lower high voweIs in initial ánd medial positions, 63 and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic. Changes in writtén Tamil include thé use of Européan-style punctuation ánd the use óf consonant clusters thát were not pérmitted in Middle TamiI. The syntax óf written Tamil hás also changéd, with the intróduction of new aspectuaI auxiliaries and moré complex sentence structurés, and with thé emergence of á more rigid wórd order that resembIes the syntactic argumént structure of EngIish. ![]() It received somé support from Drávidian parties. This led tó the replacement óf a significant numbér of Sanskrit Ioanwords by Tamil equivaIents, though many othérs remain.
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